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<title>Petroleum ether</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Petroleum ether</span></span>

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<caption>Petroleum ether<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sax_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sax-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tox-pe_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tox-pe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names

<div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Benzine; Light ligroin; Light petroleum; pether</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div>

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=8032-32-4">8032-32-4</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=8030-30-6">8030-30-6</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div>

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<td><a href="ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a>

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<td><a href="ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a>

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<td><a href="European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a>

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</td>

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div>

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<td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5027699">DTXSID5027699</a> </span></li></ul></div>

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<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties

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<td><a href="Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a>

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<td>82.2 g/mol

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<td>Appearance

</td>

<td>Volatile, clear, colorless and non-fluorescent liquid

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<td><a href="Density" title="Density">Density</a>

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<td>0.653 g/mL

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<td><a href="Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a>

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<td>< −73 °C (−99 °F; 200 K)

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<td><a href="Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a>

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<td>42–62 °C (108–144 °F; 315–335 K)

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div>

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<td>insoluble

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<td><a href="Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> in <a href="Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a>

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<td>soluble

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<td><a href="Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a>

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<td>31 kPa (20 °C)

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (<i>n</i><sub>D</sub>)</div>

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<td>1.370

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<td><a href="Viscosity" title="Viscosity">Viscosity</a>

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<td>0.46 mPa·s

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<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards

</th></tr>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals"><b>GHS</b> labelling</a>:

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div>

</td>

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div>

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<td><b>Danger</b>

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div>

</td>

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div>

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<td><a href="NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond)

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<td><a href="Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a>

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<td>< 0 °C (32 °F; 273 K)

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Autoignition_temperature" title="Autoignition temperature">Autoignition<br>temperature</a></div>

</td>

<td>246.11 °C (475.00 °F; 519.26 K)

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<td><a href="Explosive_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive limit">Explosive limits</a>

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<td>1.4–5.9 %

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Threshold_limit_value" title="Threshold limit value">Threshold limit value</a> (TLV)</div>

</td>

<td>300 ppm (1370 mg/m<sup>3</sup>) 8 h TWA (TWA)

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><b>Lethal dose</b> or concentration (LD, LC):

</td></tr>

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LC<sub>50</sub> (<a href="Lethal_dose#LC50" title="Lethal dose">median concentration</a>)</div>

</td>

<td>3400 ppm (rat, 4 h)

</td></tr>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"><b>NIOSH</b></a> (US health exposure limits):

</td></tr>

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div>

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<td>100 ppm (400 mg/m<sup>3</sup>) 8 h TWA

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div>

</td>

<td>100 ppm (400 mg/m<sup>3</sup>) 10 h TWA

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div>

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<td>1000 ppm

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<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Related compounds

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related compounds</div>

</td>

<td><a href="Ligroin" title="Ligroin">Ligroin</a>, <a href="Petroleum_benzine" title="Petroleum benzine">Petroleum benzine</a>, <a href="Petroleum_spirit_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Petroleum spirit (disambiguation)">Petroleum spirit</a>, <a href="Stoddard_solvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoddard solvent">Stoddard solvent</a>, <a href="Naphtha" title="Naphtha">Naphtha</a>, <a href="White_spirit" title="White spirit">White spirit</a>

</td></tr>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div>

<div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;">Infobox references</div>

</td></tr>

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<p><b>Petroleum ether</b> is the <a href="Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> fraction consisting of <a href="Aliphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatic">aliphatic</a> <a href="Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> and boiling in the range 35–60 °C, and commonly used as a laboratory <a href="Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the name, petroleum ether is not an <a href="Ether" title="Ether">ether</a>; the term is used only figuratively, signifying extreme lightness and volatility.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div>

<p>The very lightest, most volatile liquid hydrocarbon solvents that can be bought from laboratory chemical suppliers may also be offered under the name petroleum ether. Petroleum ether consists mainly of aliphatic hydrocarbons and is usually low in <a href="Aromatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatics">aromatics</a>. It is commonly <a href="Hydrodesulfurized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodesulfurized">hydrodesulfurized</a> and may be <a href="Hydrogenate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogenate">hydrogenated</a> to reduce the amount of aromatic and other <a href="Saturated_and_unsaturated_compounds" title="Saturated and unsaturated compounds">unsaturated</a> hydrocarbons. Petroleum ether bears normally a descriptive suffix giving the boiling range. Thus, from the leading international laboratory chemical suppliers it is possible to buy various petroleum ethers with boiling ranges such as 30–50 °C, 40–60 °C, 50–70 °C, 60–80 °C, etc. In the United States, <a href="Chemical_purity" title="Chemical purity">laboratory-grade</a> aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents with boiling ranges as high as 100–140 °C may be called petroleum ether, rather than petroleum spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-phenix_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenix-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It is not advisable to employ a fraction with a wider boiling point range than 20 °C, because of possible loss of the more volatile portion during its use in recrystallisation, etc., and consequent different solubilising properties of the higher boiling residue.<sup id="cite_ref-vogel_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Most of the unsaturated hydrocarbons may be removed by shaking two or three times with 10% of the volume worth of concentrated <a href="Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>; vigorous shaking is then continued with successive portions of a concentrated solution of <a href="Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">potassium permanganate</a> in 10% sulfuric acid until the color of the permanganate remains unchanged. The solvent is then thoroughly washed with <a href="Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> solution and then with water, dried over anhydrous <a href="Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">calcium chloride</a>, and distilled. If required perfectly dry, it can be allowed to stand over <a href="Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> wire, or <a href="Calcium_hydride" title="Calcium hydride">calcium hydride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vogel_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2></div>

<p><a href="Ligroin" title="Ligroin">Ligroin</a> is assigned the CAS Registry Number 8032-32-4, which is also applied to many other products, particularly those with low boiling points, called <a href="Petroleum_spirit_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Petroleum spirit (disambiguation)">petroleum spirit</a>, petroleum ether, and <a href="Petroleum_benzine" title="Petroleum benzine">petroleum benzine</a>. "<a href="Naphtha" title="Naphtha">Naphtha</a>" has the CAS Registry Number 8030-30-6, which also covers petroleum benzine and petroleum ether: that is, the lower boiling point non-aromatic hydrocarbon solvents.<sup id="cite_ref-phenix_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenix-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>DIN 51630 provides for petroleum spirit (also called spezialbenzine or petrolether) which is described as "a special boiling-point spirit (SBPS) commonly used in laboratory applications, having high volatility and low aromatics content." Its initial boiling point is above 25 °C, its final boiling point up to 80 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-phenix_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenix-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2></div>

<p>Petroleum ethers are extremely volatile, have very low <a href="Flash_point" title="Flash point">flash points</a>, and present a significant fire hazard.<sup id="cite_ref-phenix_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenix-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fires should be fought with foam, <a href="Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="Fire_extinguisher#Dry_chemical" title="Fire extinguisher">dry chemical</a> or <a href="Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">carbon tetrachloride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sax_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sax-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The naphtha mixtures that are distilled at a lower boiling temperature have a higher volatility and, generally speaking, a higher degree of toxicity than the higher boiling fractions.<sup id="cite_ref-tox-pd_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tox-pd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Exposure to petroleum ether occurs most commonly by either inhalation or through skin contact. Petroleum ether is metabolized by the liver with a biological half-life of 46–48 h.<sup id="cite_ref-tox-pe_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tox-pe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Inhalation overexposure causes primarily central nervous system (CNS) effects (headaches, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, and incoordination). In general, the toxicity is more pronounced with petroleum ethers containing higher concentrations of aromatic compounds. n-<a href="Hexane" title="Hexane">Hexane</a> is known to cause axonal damage in peripheral nerves.<sup id="cite_ref-tox-pe_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tox-pe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Skin contact can cause allergic <a href="Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tox-pe_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tox-pe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Oral ingestion of hydrocarbons often is associated with symptoms of mucous membrane irritation, vomiting, and central nervous system depression. Cyanosis, tachycardia, and tachypnea may appear as a result of aspiration, with subsequent development of <a href="Chemical_pneumonitis" title="Chemical pneumonitis">chemical pneumonitis</a>. Other clinical findings include albuminuria, hematuria, hepatic enzyme derangement, and cardiac arrhythmias. Doses as low as 10 ml orally have been reported to be potentially fatal, whereas some patients have survived the ingestion of 60 ml of petroleum distillates. A history of coughing or choking in association with vomiting strongly suggests aspiration and hydrocarbon pneumonia. <a href="Hydrocarbon_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbon pneumonia">Hydrocarbon pneumonia</a> is an acute hemorrhagic necrotizing disease that can develop within 24 h after the ingestion. Pneumonia may require several weeks for a complete resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-tox-ph_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tox-ph-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Intravenous administration produces fever and local tissue damage.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Petroleum-derived distillates have not been shown to be carcinogenic in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-tox-pd_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tox-pd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petroleum ether degrades rapidly in soil and water.<sup id="cite_ref-tox-pe_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tox-pe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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